tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41499207470695903092024-03-05T19:00:16.882-08:00Immense Immunology InsightWanna read a comic book on immunology?Mufaddal IfuM Dewaswalahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10080749013855362636noreply@blogger.comBlogger132125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-3522854458021125042020-03-04T19:32:00.003-08:002020-03-04T19:42:36.995-08:00Coronavirus covid19 is now viral<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Coronavirus be like, "I'm viral."</div>
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Don't be a victim of mass hysteria.<br />
Wash your hands.</div>
IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-3059458579790291522020-01-26T20:10:00.001-08:002020-01-26T20:10:35.596-08:00Tumor necrosis factor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tumor necrosis
factor:</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The TNF family,
of which Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-A), is the prototype, contains more
than 17 cytokines with important functions in adaptive and innate immunity.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tumor
Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-A):</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">TNF-A acts on endothelial cells and stimulates the expression of adhesion molecules and aids the extravasation of inflammatory cells.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">It stimulates endothelial cells to express proteins that trigger blood clotting in the local small vessels, occluding them and cutting off blood flow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast" style="line-height: 17.12px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">This is important in preventing the pathogen from entering the bloodstream and spreading.</span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast" style="line-height: 17.12px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; text-indent: -0.25in;">However, TNF-A can become catastrophic if the infection spreads. Sepsis causes a massive release of TNF-A from macrophages throughout the body. The systemic release of TNF-A into the bloodstream causes vasodilation, which leads to a loss of blood pressure and increased vascular permeability, leading to a loss of plasma volume and eventually to shock, known as septic shock.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Therapeutic
uses of inhibition of TNF-A:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Anti-TNF-A
antibodies have been found to induce remissions in rheumatoid arthritis and
decrease inflammation in Crohn's disease.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">There
are two types of established drugs that are used to antagonize TNF-A in
clinical practice:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
first type comprises the anti-TNF-A antibodies, such as infliximab and
adalimumab, which bind to TNF-A and block its activity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
second type I a recombinant human TNF receptor (TNFR) subunit p75-Fc fusion
protein called etanercept, which binds TNF-A, thereby neutralizing its
activity.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">
<b><span style="border: none; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tumor Necrosis Factor Beta (TNF-B):</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">It
is secreted by Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells, is also known as
Lymphotoxin-alpha.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">It activates
macrophages and has a direct cytotoxic effect on some cells.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">It
also inhibits B cells.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-26049044777005369702019-08-22T16:42:00.004-07:002019-08-22T16:42:35.074-07:00Interferons<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Interferons:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> Interferon comprises a group of proteins produced by
virus-infected cells.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Did you know?
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferons were originally called
this because of their ability to <b>interfere</b> with viral replication in
previously uninfected tissue culture cells.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon A and interferon B:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon A
and interferon B are also known as type I antiviral interferons.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is
presumed that double stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during the viral life cycle
can induce the expression of IFN-A and IFN-ß by the infected cell. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IFN-A and
IFN-ß bind to their respective receptors and act in an autocrine and paracrine
fashion to induce an antiviral response or resistance to viral replication.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They lead to
the transcription of several genes, gene encoding for an enzyme which causes:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Activation of
ribonuclease L (RNAse L), which degrades viral RNA.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Induction of
a specific protein kinase, which inactivates protein synthesis, thus blocking
viral replication in infected cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The binding
of IFN-A and IFN-ß to NK cells induces lytic activity, making them very
effective in killing virally infected cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon Y:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IFN-Y is
distinct functionally from the type I antiviral interferons, IFN-A and IFN-ß,
and it is not directly induced by viral infection.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a
cytokine produced by cytotoxic T cells, Th1 cells, and NK cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IFN-Y
inhibits viral replication directly.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It induces
the increased expression of MHC class I in infected cells. This ensures that
infected cells will be recognized for cytotoxic attack.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It activates
macrophages, recruiting them to sites of infection. Macrophages act as APCs or
effector cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In early
response, IFN-Y secreted by NK cells induces activated CD4 T cells to
differentiate into Th1 cells, which are able to activate macrophages.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 5.2:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Interferons and their actions</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-insideh: .25pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .25pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cytokine</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secreted by</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Action</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Leukocytes, dendritic cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Activates cellular genes, resulting in the production of
proteins that confer an antiviral state on the cell; increased MHC class I
expression.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon B</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fibroblasts</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 64.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 64.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon Y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Th1 cells, NK cells, CD8+ T cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Macrophage activation, increased expression of MHC molecules and
antigen processing components, Ig class switching, suppresses Th2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Body" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 5.3:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Therapeutic uses of
interferons</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-insideh: .25pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .25pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 282.0pt;" valign="top" width="376"><div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clinical use</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 64.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 64.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 64.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 282.0pt;" valign="top" width="376"><div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis B</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kaposi sarcoma</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melanoma</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon B</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 282.0pt;" valign="top" width="376"><div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Multiple sclerosis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferon Y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 282.0pt;" valign="top" width="376"><div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Osteopetrosis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Visit <a href="http://medxclusive.org/">medXclusive.org</a> by Bobby V. Shirke</span></span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-75796473220627252072019-04-29T19:51:00.002-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.562-07:00Interleukins and their actions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Table 5.1:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Interleukins and their actions</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-insideh: .25pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .25pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Interleukin</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Secreted by</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Action</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Macrophages</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pyrogen,
macrophage activation.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">T
cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">T cell
proliferation.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">T
cells, thymic epithelial and stromal cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bone
marrow stimulation for hematopoiesis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Th2
cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">B-cell
activation, class switching to IgG and lgE, induces differentiation into Th2
cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Th2
cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Class
switching to IgA, eosinophil growth and differentiation.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">T
cells, macrophages</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Acute
phase reactant, pyrogen, helps in T and B cell growth and differentiation.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Macrophages</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Neutrophil
recruitment</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Th2
cells, Treg cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Inhibits
Th1 cells, inhibits cytokine release from macrophages.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IL-12</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Macrophages</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 232.4pt;" valign="top" width="310">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Activates
NK cells, induces CD4 T cell differentiation into Th1 cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-28000186864394893432019-04-29T19:50:00.004-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.543-07:00Interleukin-12 (IL-12) mnemonic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interleukin-12 (IL-12) mnemonic<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br />Interleukin-12 (IL-12):</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is secreted by macrophages with functions to enhance NK cells and T cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL -12, along with IFN-Y induces CD4+ helper T cells to differentiate into Th1 cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-12 also stimulates NK cells to secrete large amounts of the cytokine interferon IFN-Y, and this is crucial in controlling some infections before the IFN-Y produced by activated CD8 cytotoxic T cells becomes available.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-12 is also known as NK cell stimulatory factor.</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-90379407199801149362019-04-29T19:48:00.004-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.576-07:00Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mnemonic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mnemonic<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
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<b style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Interleukin-10 (IL-10):</b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is secreted by regulatory T cells (Treg) in order to inhibit inflammation preventing unwanted immune responses.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is also secreted by Th2 cells to suppress Th1 cells and cell mediated immunity; and to induce humoral immunity.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-10 inhibits cytokine release from macrophages, which is why, it is also known as cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Interesting fact: </b>Beekeepers exposed to repeated stings are often naturally protected from severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis through a mechanism that involves IL-10-secreting T cells.</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-1537347559187456482019-04-29T19:47:00.003-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.534-07:00Interleukin-8 (IL-8)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Interleukin-8 (IL-8):</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">· It is released by the macrophages that first encounter pathogens.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"></span>
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">· Interleukin 8 induces neutrophils to leave the blood and migrate into the surrounding tissues, thus also known as neutrophil chemotactic factor.</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-50900571019161009412019-04-29T19:46:00.001-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.558-07:00Interleukin 1-6 mnemonic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interleukin 1-6 mnemonic<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>Interleukin-4 (IL-4):</b></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Interleukin 4 is secreted by Th2 cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is important in B-cell development and activation. IL-4 and CD40 ligand drives the clonal expansion of B cells that precedes antibody production (Explained in detail in Chapter 8).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It enhances immunoglobulin class type switching to IgG and IgE.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-4 also induces differentiation of Th cells into Th2 cells, manipulating Th1/Th2 balance.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>Interleukin-5 (IL-5):</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Interleukin 5 is secreted by Th2 cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It enhances immunoglobulin class type switching to IgA.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It also increases growth and differentiation of eosinophils.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Interesting fact: Anti-IL-5 antibody (mepolizumab) is used in treating hypereosinophilic syndrome, in which chronic overproduction of eosinophils causes severe organ damage.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>Interleukin-6 (IL-6):</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Like IL-1, it is an acute phase reactant produced by Th cells and macrophages to further the acute inflammatory response.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-6 also stimulates T and B cell growth and differentiation.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Interesting fact: Elevation of body temperature during an infection is caused mainly by TNF-a, IL- 1 and IL-6 secreted by the macrophages. These cytokines are termed endogenous pyrogens because they cause fever and derive from an endogenous source. Bacterial components such as LPS also induce fever and are known as exogenous pyrogens.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>Mnemonic for IL-1 to IL-6:</b> “Fish, TO BE EATEN”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-1 F: Fever</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-2 T: T cell production</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-3 B: Bone marrow stimulation</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-4 E: IgE</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-5 EA: Eosinophils, IgA</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>IL-6 TE: Temperature Elevation</span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-40259530361440157612019-04-29T19:44:00.002-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.553-07:00Interleukin-3 (IL-3) mnemonic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ81OH9Roa-S3gUZcYC5C6FiVXsKMJld6_8u5fHE-O0nhMLbibCYjddl77rMZgKBlQtI1HpS66TR1D4puGi3Yp1WQgRdtYtKp98ul1qKomf0724b89-U3s8uMFtkVmBn1fnPSeoGLaQQ/s1600/Immunowesome+standard+-+IL3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ81OH9Roa-S3gUZcYC5C6FiVXsKMJld6_8u5fHE-O0nhMLbibCYjddl77rMZgKBlQtI1HpS66TR1D4puGi3Yp1WQgRdtYtKp98ul1qKomf0724b89-U3s8uMFtkVmBn1fnPSeoGLaQQ/s640/Immunowesome+standard+-+IL3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interleukin-3 (IL-3) mnemonic<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Interleukin-3 (IL-3):</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is a multi-colony CSF (Colony Stimulating Factor) that has a role in early hematopoiesis.</span></span><br />
<div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-76194977649305996702019-04-29T19:42:00.004-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.566-07:00Interleukin-2 (IL-2) mnemonic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1WM-k34JkCtFTjbLqyOKskGeZeNclDGTKQREeAwJfMsnoqqswHA4nh7HFdKRC9hz3fitOzXiZFe0c79pSkUE_0myI_D6PxUyvuqlZoHW-8d3ilO6R257oI7SKsF_KdYFpVm3uV1irqw/s1600/Immunowesome+standard+-+IL2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1WM-k34JkCtFTjbLqyOKskGeZeNclDGTKQREeAwJfMsnoqqswHA4nh7HFdKRC9hz3fitOzXiZFe0c79pSkUE_0myI_D6PxUyvuqlZoHW-8d3ilO6R257oI7SKsF_KdYFpVm3uV1irqw/s640/Immunowesome+standard+-+IL2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interleukin-2 (IL-2) mnemonic<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Interleukin-2 (IL-2):</b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is an interleukin secreted by Th cells that enables growth, maturation, and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It is also known as T cell growth factor.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, inhibit IL-2 production by disrupting signaling through the T-cell receptor, whereas rapamycin (sirolimus) inhibits signaling through the IL-2 receptor. IL-2-driven clonal expansion of T cells is inhibited which is used in the prevention of transplant rejection (Explained in detail in Chapter 12).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Interesting fact:</b> IL-2 has a lot of pharmacological potential. Trials have shown that IL-2 treatment in patients with AIDS induces an increase in the CD4 T-cell count with the increase being predominantly in naive T cells.</span></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-87058996883404158052019-04-29T19:40:00.002-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.571-07:00Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mnemonic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Z01f4iv-SHGlpFWgveWPZhP8cqV3-InqKhYzTWbLCJgat5vyYaCV9AcvZ-9Xfro6Afk5blfqXS2KeR1thSo2-qDuC8EvR6TMWv_ZgJivjJWd2c_MOMUsDhNY8Ahz-nFlIBWixqf7ew/s640/Immunowesome+standard+-+IL1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mnemonic<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Interleukin-1 (IL-1)</b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is an acute phase reactant synthesized by macrophages.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It contributes to the acute inflammatory response, including fever, leukocyte recruitment, adhesion molecule activation, and stimulation of further chemokine production.</span></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-36498204895231081932019-04-29T19:38:00.005-07:002019-04-29T19:52:21.549-07:00Cytokines<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Cytokines</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">:</span></u></b><br />
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Cytokines
are small soluble proteins secreted by cells that can alter the behavior or
properties of the secreting cell itself or of another cell. In this section, we
will be discussing interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b><br />
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Interleukins:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">Interleukins (IL) are molecules that are
secreted by, and act on leukocytes.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-69585226869919548482019-04-29T19:36:00.002-07:002019-04-29T19:52:41.060-07:00Developmental markers of T lymphocytes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Developmental
markers of T lymphocytes:</span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Developing
thymocytes pass through a series of distinct stages which are marked by changes
in the expression of T cell receptor, cell-surface proteins such as the CD3,
CD4, and CD8.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">These
surface markers reflect the maturation of the cell, and particular combinations
of cell-surface proteins are used as markers for T cells at various stages of
differentiation.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
early cell that is committed to become a T cell in the thymus expresses only
the CD3 marker. Because they do not express CD4 or CD8 they are called
'double-negative' thymocytes or immature T cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">After
which, CD4 and CD8 are expressed by the same cell; these are known as 'double
positive' thymocytes. These cells enlarge, divide and express low levels of T
cell receptor.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Those
cells whose receptors can interact with self-peptide and self-MHC molecular
complexes lose expression of either CD4 or CD8 and increase the level of
expression of the T-cell receptor. The outcome of this process is the
'single-positive' thymocytes, which, after maturation, are exported from the
thymus as mature single-positive CD4 or CD8 T cells.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>Function of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells</b></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">T
cells are critical in regulation, activation, and action of the adaptive immune
system.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">They
are “born” in the bone marrow but “mature” in the thymus. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Within
the thymus both positive and negative selection occurs, resulting in specialized
T cells with different clusters of differentiation (CD) on their cell surface;
the main cell types are CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">CD4+
T Cells:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">These
“</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">helper T cells</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”
undergo further differentiation after appropriate stimulation by interleukins
to become either Th1 or Th2 cells with specific functions to help regulate both
the humoral and cell-mediated immune system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Th1
cells:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Th1
cells are involved in the regulation of the cell-mediated response.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They
are activated by APCs and secrete interferon-Y (IFN-Y), which activates antigen
presenting cells (APCs) for efficient killing.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They
also secrete IL-2, which activates CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells) to kill virally
infected cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Another
cytokine secreted by Th1 cells is TNF- ß, which activates macrophages, inhibits
B cells, and is directly cytotoxic for some cells. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Th2
cells:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">These
cells are mainly involved in activating B cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They
enhance isotype switching by secreting IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They
activate eosinophils and mast cells too.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">They
also secrete IL-10, which inhibits the development of Th1 cells and cytokine
release from macrophages.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Development
of Th1 and Th2 cells from CD4+ T cells:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> How does the CD4+ T cell decide in
which subtype to develop? The answer to this is cytokines! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Exposure
to IL-4 and IL-5 (also IL-9 and IL-13) favors the development of Th2 cells.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">IFN-Y
and IL-12 (and its relatives IL-23 and IL-27) favor Th1 cell development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">CD8+
T Cells:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Also
known as cytotoxic T cells, these cells are responsible for seeking out and
eliminating virus/parasite-infected cells, cancer cells, and other foreign
cells.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">They induce apoptosis in target cells.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">They also release the cytokines IFN-Y, TNF -A, and TNF-ß, which
contribute to host defense.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">It
is important to understand the main steps involved when viral antigen is taken
up by an APC to the point at which CD8+ T cells are “seeking and destroying” the
infected cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">When
an APC (mainly dendritic cell or macrophage) is exposed to viral antigen, it
will load the antigen onto an MHC II for presentation to a CD4+ T cell. It will
also express a co-stimulatory signal on its cell membrane (e.g., B7). The TCR
can then interact with the antigen-positive MHC II on the APC.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">A
single signal is not enough for activation. The immune system’s checks and
balances require a second signal for appropriate activation to occur. The B7
co-stimulatory signal on the APC must interact with CD28 on the CD4+ T cell
while the TCR–MHC II interaction is occurring.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">If
these conditions are met, the CD4+ T cell will release IFN-γ to stimulate the
APC to efficiently kill its pathogen. The CD4+ T cell will also release IL-2 to
(1) cause activation and proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to kill
virally infected host cells, and (2) cause CD4+ T cell proliferation and
differentiation in an autocrine manner.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Self-reactivity:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> What happens when a TCR
recognizes and binds to host antigens? In a healthy individual, the way the
immune system tackles this issue is by anergy, deactivating that self-reactive
T cell. If this process fails, it could potentially lead to the development of
an autoimmune disease.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-47711084150726596362019-04-29T19:33:00.002-07:002019-04-29T19:52:41.048-07:00Chapter 5: T cells, cell mediated immunity and the immune system<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chapter 5: T cells, cell mediated immunity and the immune system<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">T
cells and cell-mediated immunity:</span></u></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Development
of T lymphocytes</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">T
lymphocytes originate from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone
marrow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">These
progenitor cells migrate from the bone marrow via the blood to the thymus,
where they mature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
progenitor cell receives a signal, most probably from stromal cells of the thymus
that instructs the precursor to commit to the T-cell lineage rather than the
B-cell lineage.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Development
of T lymphocytes in the thymic cortex</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
cortex consists of immature thymocytes, branched cortical epithelial cells and
scattered macrophages. It has a high cellular density and is packed with
immature T cells awaiting positive (functional) selection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Positive
selection ensures that the T cells will have the bare minimum functionality of
binding the cell surface proteins major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)
I or II. Of note, most immature T cells that undergo this process never make it
past this step and subsequently undergo apoptosis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
scattered macrophages are involved in clearing of the apoptotic cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">It
is of critical importance that these thymocytes are able to bind MHC. When
mature, they will bind MHC I if they differentiate into CD8+ T cells and MHC II
if they differentiate into CD4+ T cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Development
of T lymphocytes in the corticomedullary junction</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">In
this region, T cells undergo negative selection. Negative selection destroys
cells that see the body's own normal antigens as foreign invaders.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Negative
selection is highly important in preventing autoimmune disease by destroying T
cells that could potentially start an attack on the body's own cells. A T cell
that has made it through positive selection is presented with self-antigen. If
the specificity of binding is too strong, an apoptotic signal will be given to
that particular T cell leading to clonal deletion.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Of
note, some autoreactive T cells are able to make it through the negative
selection phase, but are eliminated by peripheral mechanisms (e.g., anergy,
regulatory T cells). However, if peripheral mechanisms also fail, then this
sets the stage for potential predisposition to autoimmunity.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">What
is anergy?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Co-stimulatory
molecules are crucial in initiating an immune response.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Without
accompanying co-stimulatory molecules, naive lymphocytes are inactivated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">This
inactive state is known as anergy. (<b>Mnemonic:</b> No energy received for
immune response is anergy.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Medulla</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Medulla
consists of a pale, low cellular density with mature T cells having already
gone through positive and negative selection.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Medulla
also contains Hassall corpuscles, which are remnants of apoptosed T-cells seen
on histology.</span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-42899572484468929812019-04-05T20:06:00.001-07:002019-04-05T20:06:39.411-07:00HLA subtypes associated with diseases<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiax3oY2TXLoJDvIcTenultA0aU8JXU1VSk72xVVGVgQ7UHpNUWtCEiYMzZ3CQg9UzY8Ip4-KnIiQGDZvsLvXbI5toI673IpbIqU6PFxngdJMLKkCxcuCS4pw2xJxwIflAEVF8KkPPB5g/s1600/DR2+immuno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiax3oY2TXLoJDvIcTenultA0aU8JXU1VSk72xVVGVgQ7UHpNUWtCEiYMzZ3CQg9UzY8Ip4-KnIiQGDZvsLvXbI5toI673IpbIqU6PFxngdJMLKkCxcuCS4pw2xJxwIflAEVF8KkPPB5g/s640/DR2+immuno.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HLA subtypes mnemonic<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Body">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Table
4.1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-insideh: .25pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .25pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .25pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">HLA Subtypes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .25pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: .25pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Diseases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .25pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">A3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .25pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: .25pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Hemochromatosis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 36.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">B27</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">P</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">soriasis, <b>A</b>nkylosing spondylitis, <b>I</b>nflammatory
Bowel disease, <b>R</b>eiter’s syndrome (<b>Mnemonic:
PAIR)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">B8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Graves’ disease</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DR2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Hay Fever,
SLE (lupus), Goodpasture’s syndrome</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DR3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Diabetes mellitus Type 1 (DM1), SLE</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DR4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DM1, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DR5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="TableStyle2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Pernicious
anemia (due to B12 deficiency)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 112.0pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="TableStyle6">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DR7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .25pt; padding: 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt 4.0pt; width: 356.0pt;" valign="top" width="475">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Steroid-responsive nephrotic
syndrome</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">Mnemonics section:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">Mnemonic for HLA
DR<br />
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">Doctors (DR) will turn into MD's someday. The thought makes you go,
"Aah". Starting with 2 and ending with 5, the mnemonic for <b>DR</b> associations is <b>"MD... AAH!"<br />
</b>HLA DR2 - <b>M</b>ultiple sclerosis<br />
HLA DR3 - <b>D</b>iabetes mellitus type 1<br />
HLA DR4 - <b>A</b>rthritis (Rheumatoid
arthritis, Lyme arthritis)<br />
HLA DR5 - <b>A</b>nemia (Pernicious anemia)<br />
HLA DR5 - <b>H</b>ashimoto's thyroiditis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">Mnemonic for HLA
DR 2:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><br />
"Hey! This Doctor is going to be good MS someday" to remember Hay
fever, Goodpasture's syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis for HLA DR 2"</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Alternate mnemonics for HLA DR 5:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Hi5: Hashimoto's - DR5.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">HiPA5: Hashimoto's disease, Pernicious Anemia – DR5.</span></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mnemonic for HLA DR7:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br />
<i>"<b>Seven</b>, heavenly <b>pee.</b>"</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br />
HLA DR<b>7</b> is associated with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome.<br />
(pee - kidney - nephrotic syndrome)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mnemonic for SLE and DM1:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
<i>"Two, three S-L-EE.</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br />
Three, four,
not so sour."<br />
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">HLA
DR<b>2</b>, HLA<b>3</b>- SLE.<br />
HLA DR<b>3</b>, HLA DR<b>4</b> - Diabetes mellitus type 1.<br />
(not sour - sweet - sugar - diabetes)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mnemonic for HLA B8:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br />
<i>"<b>Be</b> there at <b>eight</b>, don't be <b>late.</b>"</i><br />
HLA <b>B8</b> is associated with Grave's disease.<br />
(late - dead - grave)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpLast">
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-8075620716631839632019-04-05T19:47:00.003-07:002019-04-05T19:47:34.957-07:00Superantigens<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">How
do superantigens work?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Superantigens
cause crosslinking of T Cell Receptor (TCR) and MHC class II leading to an
uncontrolled activation of T cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-63020751318880304362019-04-05T19:45:00.002-07:002019-04-05T19:45:37.656-07:00Chapter 4: Major histocompatibility complex I and II<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Chapter </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">4:
Major histocompatibility complex I and II</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></u><br />
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">About MHC class I and MHC class II:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Major histocompatibility (MHC) is a critical portion of the immune system’s ability to discern self from non-self as well as detect when the body’s own cells are either infected or have undergone malignant change.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There are two major classes of MHC involved in the human immune system; these two classes are both structurally and functionally distinct from one another.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTZ4iUuFrCO-SrrAJNLjIr-RtMacawuJVFzr8YyiqtFElOX_HOhRTyWXV40LxgnecKC3tyOBzhKhvUEFi2LQYxlnZ3JoH6kEbRzsWxp3ys1IjGVf3_M_RdSbzfaQOdoefPAPoHM-In_A/s1600/MHC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="854" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTZ4iUuFrCO-SrrAJNLjIr-RtMacawuJVFzr8YyiqtFElOX_HOhRTyWXV40LxgnecKC3tyOBzhKhvUEFi2LQYxlnZ3JoH6kEbRzsWxp3ys1IjGVf3_M_RdSbzfaQOdoefPAPoHM-In_A/s640/MHC.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MHC class I </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">MHC class I</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MHC class I is present on all nucleated cells in the body</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is encoded by Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes: HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is a cell surface protein that displays peptide fragments from inside the cell on the outside.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Functionally, antigen is loaded onto the MHC I in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and transported via Transporter associated with Antigen Processing (TAP) before being inserted into the cell membrane. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Normally, the antigen that is loaded onto MHC I is self-antigen, and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) will not react to it.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>If a virus infects a cell, however, the virus produces viral proteins using the host’s cellular machinery. These viral proteins will also be loaded onto MHC I.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This is how cytotoxic T cells confer immunity to viral infection. They recognize MHC I with loaded viral antigen and targets it for cytotoxic destruction if the proper co-stimulatory signal is present. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mnemonic: “Be <b>rough</b> on yourself.”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Self-antigen is loaded on class I in the <b>rough</b> endoplasmic reticulum.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ7zk2RI49bgnmPVAl6SWGMJaqzk-VHKZytuY9ruIBLCnSZGmJcvF-J9jijQCHq3iePaD3FedrHN_joCQrsW2PCNmWsIuyJ0KDO95-N92U3woMxvzc9qFAh6m35gVB8JumllMfxlItOw/s1600/MHC+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="854" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ7zk2RI49bgnmPVAl6SWGMJaqzk-VHKZytuY9ruIBLCnSZGmJcvF-J9jijQCHq3iePaD3FedrHN_joCQrsW2PCNmWsIuyJ0KDO95-N92U3woMxvzc9qFAh6m35gVB8JumllMfxlItOw/s640/MHC+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MHC class II</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>MHC class II</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MHC class II is present only on antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is encoded by Human Leukocyte Antigen genes: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Structurally, it is composed of two a- and two ß-subunits.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>After Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) phagocytose microbes, they are delivered to endosomes where acid proteases degrade protein antigens.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Endosomes fuse with lysosomes to form an acidified vesicle. Newly synthesized MHC class II molecules pass through such acidified vesicles and bind peptide fragments of the antigen, transporting the peptides to the cell surface.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>What prevents MHC II from binding to the cell’s own polypeptides?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An invariant chain blocks the peptide-binding groove and directs the newly synthesized MHC II molecules to the acidified intracellular vesicles.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The MHC class II inserted into the cell membrane aids in the binding and recognition of the antigen by TCR (T cell receptor) on helper T cells (CD4+ T cells). Helper T cells can then activate B cells and/or trigger local inflammation.</span></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpFirst">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Various
ways of remembering the difference between MHC class I and II:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CD8+ T-cells recognize MHC I:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It takes only 1 stroke of the pen to write “8”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CD8 x MHC1 = 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CD8+ are Cytotoxic T cells because "Eigh<b>T</b>"
has <b>T</b> for "<b>T</b>oxic"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CD4+ T-cells recognize MHC II:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It takes 2 strokes of the pen to write “4”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CD4 x MHC2 = 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CD4+ are Helper T cells because “Cells ask for
(four, 4) help”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MHC class I:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The genes have only <b>one alphabet</b>. (HLA-A,
HLA-B, HLA-C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">All cells have <b>one nucleus</b>; so all nucleated
cells have class I MHC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MHC I has <b>one chain</b> (alpha chain) & <b>one
microglobulin</b> (Beta 2 microglobulin).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MHC class II:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The genes have <b>two alphabets. </b>(HLA-DP,
HLA-DQ, HLA-DR) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="BodyCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Present in cells that love <b>to (two) eat</b>
(Phagocytes).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="BodyCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MHC II has <b>two chains.</b> (One alpha & one
beta).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-62520646104498147602019-04-05T19:38:00.003-07:002019-04-05T19:45:55.226-07:00Natural Killer Cells<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-YVDcoSIovrRx_Ds82KkSgBy6YZcQCQCFMfwF6UqkOuV9VG2fX2H3vAckq_spaeKxdKVhWD1qB1S4xs7R9BFGIL3nwkHFMSqlUd_8-OcWNkECYS2OwEWeMW4u2cE3PHOX6rAk1qxmg/s1600/NK+cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-YVDcoSIovrRx_Ds82KkSgBy6YZcQCQCFMfwF6UqkOuV9VG2fX2H3vAckq_spaeKxdKVhWD1qB1S4xs7R9BFGIL3nwkHFMSqlUd_8-OcWNkECYS2OwEWeMW4u2cE3PHOX6rAk1qxmg/s640/NK+cell.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Natural Killer Cells<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Natural Killer Cells</span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>NK cells are CD56+ lymphocytes that contain cytoplasmic toxic granules (such as granzymes)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They are able to kill malignant cells, virus-infected cells, or antibody-coated (opsonized) cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mnemonic: “Killer” has 5 alphabets and “NK Cell” has 6 alphabets. The cluster of differentiation of a NK cell in CD56!</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">You can support Immunowesome by:</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Visit <a href="http://medxclusive.org/">medXclusive.org</a> by Bobby V. Shirke</span></span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-7117507520807804612019-04-05T19:37:00.000-07:002019-04-05T19:45:55.240-07:00T lymphocytes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivwzy0hDV6_SnMKtj0KLRutFcViXqtrWveehKEDwdxYd4jcY7pGioLT180DxGnsUQEdKOXy40Y_bBwFtxdA8Z4Br6jWFFccTgNV53vuMtukwbOT5jq_XSBj7xGg9hYoi3X6ffWU7odLA/s1600/Tc+cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivwzy0hDV6_SnMKtj0KLRutFcViXqtrWveehKEDwdxYd4jcY7pGioLT180DxGnsUQEdKOXy40Y_bBwFtxdA8Z4Br6jWFFccTgNV53vuMtukwbOT5jq_XSBj7xGg9hYoi3X6ffWU7odLA/s640/Tc+cell.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Killer T cell<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">T lymphocytes</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">T cells further differentiate into:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: They kill cells that are infected with viruses.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CD4+ helper T cells: They provide essential additional signals that influence the activity of other cells. Helper T cells allow macrophages to become more efficient in killing engulfed pathogens and stimulate antigen activated B cells to produce antibodies.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mnemonic: Some T cells are ready <b>for (four,</b> CD4+) giving a helping hand (Helper cells). Some T cells are so toxic (Cytotoxic cells) that they <b>ate (eight,</b> CD8+) other cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Regulatory T cells: They suppress the activity of other lymphocytes and help in controlling immune responses.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nERjVSumD5LcYygGbBR2gZC70LgdPVJNpVX2ZzeUsJqAnAIdgymFYUQXsam_LV1jVrq6P3tOC5-FqdY8w60hkZzkglo2TOrErRLvxPBQUW-JmLhYsAg9IjF9E_COGIhxqBjhgn_d-w/s1600/Th+cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nERjVSumD5LcYygGbBR2gZC70LgdPVJNpVX2ZzeUsJqAnAIdgymFYUQXsam_LV1jVrq6P3tOC5-FqdY8w60hkZzkglo2TOrErRLvxPBQUW-JmLhYsAg9IjF9E_COGIhxqBjhgn_d-w/s640/Th+cell.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Helper T cell</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<div>
<br /><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">What are memory cells?</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Some of the B cells and T cells differentiate into memory cells, which are responsible for the long-lasting immunity. Memory cells will readily differentiate into effector cells on a second exposure to their specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible for successful disease prevention by vaccination.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-70237183964553163402019-04-05T19:32:00.003-07:002019-04-05T19:45:55.236-07:00B lymphocytes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgewIkDRNI40auIS8W7qZkLPBXyPEytQyc0o-0bfnmOr19wHVx22GNHyrAH__2KwCCwRGiCLVx1kGfgWgKy3GXJbYBBVl1hBW4yp5Ox4oV5EqGdmDPiUNTVZpixPrUjLqlLAODc_Was9Q/s1600/B+cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgewIkDRNI40auIS8W7qZkLPBXyPEytQyc0o-0bfnmOr19wHVx22GNHyrAH__2KwCCwRGiCLVx1kGfgWgKy3GXJbYBBVl1hBW4yp5Ox4oV5EqGdmDPiUNTVZpixPrUjLqlLAODc_Was9Q/s640/B+cell.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">B lymphocytes<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br />B lymphocytes</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>B cells undergo further differentiation into either memory B cells or plasma cells</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Plasma cells produce antibodies.</span></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-54902048461638285782019-04-05T19:30:00.003-07:002019-04-05T19:30:57.148-07:00The Lymphoid Lineage<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTWLRh9BEj5nZWsduFRj571tt8pFrkjjTbxevES9tKH5lycpgDXlE047YRYvuGST-mnkCQ_fBMaKrw-v9xU7KJnFuY8bfLmPRzgnWOIjuSZ50RVFsflFXBrRhG9KCW_L4beyNvx1mtVA/s1600/B+amd+T+cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTWLRh9BEj5nZWsduFRj571tt8pFrkjjTbxevES9tKH5lycpgDXlE047YRYvuGST-mnkCQ_fBMaKrw-v9xU7KJnFuY8bfLmPRzgnWOIjuSZ50RVFsflFXBrRhG9KCW_L4beyNvx1mtVA/s640/B+amd+T+cell.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Lymphoid Lineage<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Lymphoid Lineage:</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lymphocytes are small featureless cells in the inactive state.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They have no functional activity until they encounter their specific antigen.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lymphocytes that have not been activated by antigen are known as naive lymphocytes.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lymphocytes that have encountered an antigen, have become activated, and have differentiated into fully functional lymphocytes are known as effector lymphocytes.</span></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-64474135749775955562019-03-28T11:00:00.003-07:002019-03-28T11:05:46.382-07:00Mast cell<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGyvHMFFEocUjwKJGJpaRVUKYADarPRBabih_XvkXxvasU1duL8Rqj6huibokxVGunKHm6cAHhHvwuJw_XIvehPSNC8p_6DMtbJhEISOjFRQAfsYaxQI3pvhfiBRoiRMe4XXON7DcXcg/s1600/mas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGyvHMFFEocUjwKJGJpaRVUKYADarPRBabih_XvkXxvasU1duL8Rqj6huibokxVGunKHm6cAHhHvwuJw_XIvehPSNC8p_6DMtbJhEISOjFRQAfsYaxQI3pvhfiBRoiRMe4XXON7DcXcg/s640/mas.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mast cell<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Mast cell</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is a cell with a small nucleus and large cytoplasmic granules containing histamine and other preformed allergic mediators, which play a role in allergies, hives, and anaphylaxis.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They differentiate in tissues.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-75113684597797135372019-03-28T10:58:00.003-07:002019-03-28T11:05:46.442-07:00Basophil<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7ArSthc-j6-axgDXbXRbG7GiEwNE0XLQ1JoVge441EpE6DYhJXsGio6OZVhAqfUInzsaZenkg5NbFDVZwqMz69qIvTd_CXh7rr8hKUtLTz6t9kG9AZYBq61iholWtVfQX9IJyfo9Gw/s1600/ba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7ArSthc-j6-axgDXbXRbG7GiEwNE0XLQ1JoVge441EpE6DYhJXsGio6OZVhAqfUInzsaZenkg5NbFDVZwqMz69qIvTd_CXh7rr8hKUtLTz6t9kG9AZYBq61iholWtVfQX9IJyfo9Gw/s640/ba.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Basophil<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Basophil</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They are mature cells that have a bilobed nucleus with large blue granules.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They are non-phagocytic cells that function by releasing pharmacologically active substances.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They are involved in the pathogenesis of allergy along with mast cells.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-20703043074781683582019-03-28T10:57:00.003-07:002019-03-28T11:05:46.138-07:00Eosinophil<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUv3Ac0nrhWFrckuMtyLlGfFhxF6tBKjSC_-nHyZI5O2Ly6tAsuWuRIJPY-JUnQaY8bDxyfZ9SU-OHCviaAadbydyT1Y8xrxEouFs84WBBLHlj8JBUFbRlpC5jT9wVW2584Zz9VgbU4g/s1600/eosino.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1066" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUv3Ac0nrhWFrckuMtyLlGfFhxF6tBKjSC_-nHyZI5O2Ly6tAsuWuRIJPY-JUnQaY8bDxyfZ9SU-OHCviaAadbydyT1Y8xrxEouFs84WBBLHlj8JBUFbRlpC5jT9wVW2584Zz9VgbU4g/s640/eosino.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eosinophil<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Eosinophil</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">•</span><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">They are phago</span><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">cytic cells that have a bilobed nucleus with large pink granules containing major basic protein.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Major basic protein functions in attack against parasitic and helminthic infections.</span></span><br />
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149920747069590309.post-14186332613286457062019-03-28T10:55:00.001-07:002019-03-28T11:05:46.079-07:00Neutrophil<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Neutrophil<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Neutrophil</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Neutrophils are mature cells that have a multilobed nucleus.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They also contain toxic cytoplasmic granules with potent bactericidal capability.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The larger, denser primary granules are a type of lysosome containing peroxidase, lysozyme, and various hydrolytic enzymes.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The smaller secondary granules contain collagenase, lactoferrin, and other enzymes.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;">2. Or buy supporting the authors website (by visiting and sharing the page!)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Visit <a href="http://medxclusive.org/">medXclusive.org</a> by Bobby V. Shirke</span></span></div>
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IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0